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Human Anatomy and physiology Diagram
with Parts Name
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What is anatomy and physiology?
Anatomy (from the Greek ἀνατομία anatomia , from ἀνατέμνειν ana: separate, apart from, and temnein , to cut up, cut open) is a branch of biology and medicine that is the consideration of the structure of living things. It is a general term that includes human anatomy, animal anatomy (zootomy) and plant anatomy (phytotomy). In some of its facets anatomy is closely related to embryology, comparative anatomy and comparative embryology through common roots in evolution
Physiology is the science of the function of living systems. It is a subcategory of biology. In physiology, the scientific method is applied to determine how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells and biomolecules carry out the chemical or physical function that they have in a living system. The word physiology is from Ancient Greek: φύσις, physis , "nature, origin"; and -λογία, -logia , "study of".
Human physiology is the science of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of humans in good health, their organs, and the cells of which they are composed. In Human Physiology we have molecular physiology, cell physiology, endocrine physiology, cardiovascular physiology, respiratory physiology etc.
In Applied Human Physiology we have Space Physiology, Sports Physiology, Exercise Physiology, High Altitude Physiology, Environmental Physiology, Clinical Physiology etc.
The principal level of focus of physiology is at the level of organs and systems within systems. Physiology is closely related to anatomy; anatomy is the study of form, and physiology is the study of function. Due to the frequent connection between form and function physiology and anatomy are intrinsically linked and are studied in tandem as part of a medical curriculum.
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: Endocrinology
Endocrinology is concerned with the actions of special chemicals, called hormones, in the body. A hormone, which comes from the Greek word meaning a distant messenger, is a biologically active chemical secreted by a specialized organ in the body (called gland) which circulates in the blood stream and has effect on a distant target organ in the body. Hormones are secreted by the so-called ductless glands to distinguish them from glands that put their products into the bloodstream but into a duct, such as a sweat gland or digestive glands.
Glands in human body
There are several ductless glands, including the thyroid, parathyroids, thymus, suprarenal glands or adrenals, pituitary body or hypophysis, pineal body, gonads (ovaries and testes), and pancreatic islets.
The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland that wraps around the windpipe. When signaled by the pituitary the thyroid produces hormones that speed up or slow down metabolism. The four parathyroid glands, situated around (or sometimes within ) the thyroid , regulate calcium levels in the blood. The thymus glandis situated below the thyroid and is believed to play a major role in the functioning of the immune system.
Two adrenal glands sitting on top of each kidney produce hormones controlling our response to stress. The hormones made in the adrenal cortex fight inflammation and help control blood-sugar and mineral levels. A gland located in the central lower portion of the brain is called the pituitary. It is known as the "master gland" because it signals other endocrine glands to turn on and off. Another small gland in the brain is called thepineal gland; it may work with the pituitary in regulating body temperature, motor activity, sleep, and mood.
The gonads consist of the ovaries in the female and the testes in the male. The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone, whereas the testes produce testosterone and other androgens. All these hormones are responsible for sexual characteristics and reproduction. The pancreas is about 4 to 6 inches long; it lies behind the stomach and extends transversely from the concavity of the duodenum to the spleen. In addition to secreting digestive enzymes, it produces such hormones as insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood glucose levels. Specialized cells in the kidney, the intestines, and other organs also secrete hormones. The kidneys produce hormones that maintain normal blood pressure and regulate production of red blood cells.
Glands and Hormones and their Functions in Human Body
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GLAND
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HORMONE
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FUNCTION
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THYROID
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Thyroxine, triiodothyronine
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1. Regulates metabolism in
body cells. 2. Stimulates passage of calcium into bones from blood.
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PARATHYROIDS
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Parathyroid hormone.
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Regulates calcium in the blood
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ADRENALS
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Cortex : Aldosterone
(mineralocorticoid), Cortisol (glucocorticoid), Medulla : Androgens,
estrogens, and progestins Epinephrine (adrenaline) Norepinephrine
(noradrenaline)
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1. Regulates the amount of
salts in the body. 2. Regulates the quantities of sugars, fats, and protein
in cells. 3. Maintains secondary sex characteristics sympathomimetic.
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PANCREAS:Islet cells
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Insulin and Glucagon
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Insulin: Regulates the
transport of glucose to the body cells, Glucagon: Increases blood sugar by
causing conversion of glycogen to glucose.
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PITUITARY:Anterior lobe
& Posterior lobe
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Growth hormone (GH;
somatotropin), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH),
Gonadotropins, Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH),
Prolactin (PRL), Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH),Antidiuretic hormone
(ADH; vasopressin), Oxytocin
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1. Increases bone and tissue
growth. 2. Stimulates production of thyroxine and growth of the thyroid
gland. 3. Stimulates secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex,
especially cortisol. 4. Promotes gonadal growth and function, such as
stimulation of follicular growth or of androgen formation. 5. Stimulates
growth of eggs and ovarian hormone secretion. 6. Promotes ovulation; male
hormone secretion (ICSH). 7. Promotes growth of breast tissue and milk
secretion. 8. Increases pigmentation of the skin. 9. Stimulates reabsorption
of water by kidney tubules. 10. Stimulates contraction of the uterus during
labor and childbirth.
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OVARIES
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Estradiol &
Progesterone
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1.Develops and maintains
female secondary sex characteristics. 2. Prepares and maintains the uterus in
pregnancy.
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TESTES
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Testosterone
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Promotes growth and
maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics.
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